Why the old don’t understand the young – the brain’s ability to correctly recognise positive and negative emotional cues in voices declines as we get older
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According to new research by University of Essex, as we age our brain’s ability to correctly recognise positive and negative emotions in voices declines. Constantina Maltezou-Papastylianou, a doctoral researcher in the Department of Psychology, University of Essex led the new research study where she discovered that the identification of both positive and negative emotions was affected as we get older.
Across three experiments researchers found older adults were not as good at detecting emotions as younger adults and this could not be jump-started by electrically stimulating key brain areas. The study showed that over 65s were less accurate than those in their 20s, and this is speculated to be associated with changes in the brain as we age.
Pensioners struggled to correctly identify the emotion of happiness from speech - with younger adults 17% better at picking it up in voices. Older adults were only successful 35% of the time, whereas the younger people studied identified it 52% of the time.
It’s not just positive emotions older people struggled to understand and recognise. As they were 13% worse at decoding the emotion of disgust in voices and grasped anger five per cent less of the time.
Mrs Maltezou-Papastylianou said: “How we say something and our tone of voice is as important during social interactions as to what we are actually saying. Have you ever had an awkward moment where something was said with a certain intent but was received differently?
“I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve joked to my grandmother, only to find out she thought I was being serious, even though I was aiming for a light-hearted tone.
“Research suggests that one of the explanations for this mismatch of our emotional intention when we say something and how it is actually received by the listener may be due to hormonal and anatomical changes that happen in a brain as we age naturally.”
The research, published in PLOS One, examined two age-split groups of volunteers over a series of experiments. All had good hearing, had English as a native language and were split into groups with an average age of 67 and 21.
Over the course of three experiments, 117 people were played 196 sentences and asked to judge the emotion behind them whilst their brain activity was monitored. Listeners were asked to identify which emotion was represented in the speaker’s tone of voice.
Overall, the younger group had an average 76 per cent success rate, whereas the older participants only managed 69 per cent. It is thought the decline is largely due to natural changes in the brain associated with healthy ageing and more research will now explore why we lose the ability to grasp someone’s emotional intention as we age.
Mrs Maltezou-Papastylianou said: “This research is another step forward in understanding how we interpret vocal emotion expressions as we age. “Emotional recognition from voice can impact many aspects of life and it is important to keep this in mind when interacting with others, particularly with older adults.”
About University of Essex
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Founded in 1964, University of Essex is one of the UK’s leading universities, which has grown from 122 students in the first year to 18,000+ now. The University maintains three campuses at Colchester, Southend and Loughton. Essex has three faculties which lead on delivering excellence in teaching and research: the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Faculty of Science and Health, and Faculty of Social Sciences. It has close to 1,000 active researchers and 18,000 students from over 140 countries with an alumni strength in excess of 100,000. According to The Complete University Guide 2023, University of Essex is Top 40 in UK universities and 25th for international outlook in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022.
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